استخراج مجموع دادگان گویش شیرازی: رویکرد شناختی

Abstract
This research aimed to extract a textual corpus of basic vocabulary for the Shirazi dialect through a cognitive approach. The corpus of the basic vocabulary was developed by reviewing a Shirazi dialect dictionary based on the concept of cognitive categories, studying the semantic relations between the entries, and expanding the list of vocabulary through interviews with Shirazi native speakers. In this study, primary cognitive categories and semantic relations were taken into account. The concrete primary cognitive category consists of object, space, and action. The relative interaction of these categories formed the abstract cognitive category of event. Thus, the continuous interaction between concrete and abstract cognitive categories was represented based on the human role in this process. Following the analysis of various semantic relations between entries and the discovery of conceptual processes within the dictionaryʼs terminology, the primary concrete and abstract cognitive categories were identified and their lexical categories distinguished. Approximately 1,320 basic vocabularies for the Shirazi dialect were obtained. This list can be expanded through interviews and systematic questionnaires for the contemporary Shirazi dialect. The lexical categories of this corpus were selected from simple and derivative words as much as possible; multi-part and compound verbs were excluded from this list. Such verbs can be included and defined within the microstructure of simple verbs, nouns, adjectives, or prepositions, depending on their lexical structure.
Keywords: Basic Vocabulary, Cognitive Categorization, Corpus Linguistics, Lexicography, The Shirazi Dialect
1. Introduction
Basic vocabulary is a core list of primary words in any language that resists change or total loss. These words are essential for developing educational, research, and lexicographic corpora (List, 2012). Across languages, words are directly linked to cultural conceptualization (Palmer, 1996), while words, expressions, and proverbs serve as the linguistic forms of mental concepts (Csabi & Kövecses, 2014; Evans & Green, 2006; Lakoff & Johnsen, 2003). For lexicographers, selecting and organizing entries to accurately reflect human mental structures has long been a challenge. By using the paradigm of cognitive linguistics can reveal a fundamental, shared order in the conceptualization of words across different languages when planning dialectal dictionaries. Accordingly, this research employs cognitive categorization to compile a basic vocabulary list for the Shirazi dialect.
Human cognitive structure is shaped by the mindʼs imagery system through repetitive and dynamic patterns resulting from embodied experiences (Atkins, et. al., 2003; Talmy, 2019), perceptual interactions, and sensorimotor programs (Evans & Green, 2006). Cognitive categorization is a perceptual process operating at primary and middle levels within the hierarchy of conceptual domains (Croft & Cruse, 2004). Gärdenfors (2020) categorizes primary-level cognitive categories into two types: basic concrete categories (objects, space, actions) and basic abstract categories (events). While these categories are universal across languages, their encoding methods vary (ibid). Furthermore, the study of semantic relations at the middle level of cognitive categorization in Sepasdar Dictionary (2009) illustrates the underlying structure of concrete and abstract categories, considering human as a cultural entity within a permanent interaction between concrete and abstract categories.
2. Literature Review
This part divides into two subcategories as follows:
2.1. Basic Vocabulary in Lexicography
Landau (1984) proposed a citation file instead of basic vocabulary in English. Swadesh (1971) compiled the first basic vocabulary list in English. Calude & Pagel (2014) suggested to use simultaneous multiple criteria for selecting basic vocabulary.
2.2. Cognitive Categories and Semantic Relations (Conceptual Processes) in Lexicography
List (2021) applied cognitive categorization to analyze semantic relations in ancient languages. Gao (2013) employed primary-level cognitive category concepts in compiling the Longman dictionary for English learners. According to Csabi and Kövecses (2014), expressions are linguistic categories larger than words and conceptual frames have roles in their constitution. Anonby et al. (2019) conducted a comparative study on a list of basic concepts within the conceptual domain of the pupil of the eye in Persian and English. Lu and Wei (2019) utilized prototype theory for polysemous entries in English learners' dictionaries
3. Methodology
The basic vocabulary list was compiled by utilizing the textual corpus of the Sepasdar dictionary (2009) and conducting interviews with speakers of the Shirazi dialect. A hybrid approach was used to establish the written corpus of primary-level cognitive categories by integrating the labeling of both lexical and cognitive categories. Synonymous basic vocabulary with Persian words were also included in this list. Each cognitive category consists of several subcategories.
4. Results
A total of 24 categories were identified through the examination of dialectal dictionary entries and their semantic relations based on the cognitive categorization. Living beings, imaginary creatures, and objects constitute the primary concrete categories (16 categories), while events encompass the primary abstract categories (8 categories). Lexical items were also counted according to their frequency in the list as the following table shows:
Table 1
The Frequency and Types of Lexical Categories in the List of Basic Vocabulary in Shirazi




No.


Type of Lexical Category


Frequency




1.


Pronoun


36




2.


Noun


899




3.


Adjective


244




4.


Simple verb infinitive


77




5.


Adverb


28




6.


Particles


36




Total


1320











The primary concrete categories include living beings, imaginary creatures, body parts, physical states, natural phenomena, plants, inanimate objects, toys, mineral and chemical elements, urban spaces, cities, time, human actions, common actions between humans and animals, colors and characteristics. The primary abstract categories comprise kinship relations, foods, clothing, occupations, tools, ceremonies, games, and treatments. The mid-level cognitive categories include relations of hyponymy, synonymy, polysemy, semantic opposition, meronymy, and portion-mass.
5. Conclusion
This study developed a textual corpus of the Shirazi dialect based on cognitive categories, resulting in a list of 1,320 basic vocabularies. This dataset can be utilized in designing questionnaires, dialectological studies, and diachronic analyses, such as assessing the extent of lexical borrowing. Furthermore, the analysis of mid-level semantic relations in this research has revealed the underlying conceptual structures within this dialect. This study emphasizes on the necessity of modern, theory-driven lexicography. Specifically, the creation of large-scale textual corpora and the investigation of cognitive processes, such as conceptual metaphors and the radial semantic structures in the other dialects as well as in Shirazi, are proposed as essential future directions.

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