A New Way to Consider Rhythmic Types: Some Evidence from the Kermani Variety of Persian

Document Type : .

Author

Allameh Tabatabai

Abstract

Regarding rhythmic typology, earlier studies have taken for granted the isochrony of interstress intervals and syllables in stress-timed and syllable-timed languages, respectively. However, some later studies have questioned the concept of isochrony and claimed that the rhythm type of each language results from the characteristics of its phonological system, not its temporal organization. So, while classifying the rhythmic type of languages according to the durational measurements, it is necessary to consider the phonological properties that lead to the formation of that rhythm type. As a piece of evidence, although the Kermani variety of Persian has been recognized as stress-timed according to the nPVI calculations, lexical stress has no significant role in the respective phonological system. In other words, it is the application of the weight-based vowel reduction which changes the nucleus of the monomoraic syllables to schwa, the property which yields a higher contrast between the duration of this short vowel and the other longer ones. Moreover, this process can ultimately delete the nucleus of these monomoraic syllables, which results in onset consonant clusters in this variety. Consequently, although various patterns of vowel duration along with complex consonant clusters are the characteristic features of stress-timed languages, in the Kermani variety these features cannot be pertained to this rhythmic type and lexical stress.

Keywords


بوبان، نگار (1386). «شاخص‌های کمّی ریتم در زبان فارسی و مقایسۀ آن با زبان‌های انگلیسی و فرانسوی». مجموعه مقالات هفتمین همایش زبان‌شناسی ایران (به کوشش محمد دبیرمقدم، مصطفی عاصی، ارسلان گلفام و یحیی مدرسی). تهران: دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، 387-403.
پرمون، یدالله (1375). نظام آوایی گونۀ کرمانی از دیدگاه واج‌شناسی زایشی و واج‌شناسی جزءمستقل (پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد). تهران: دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.
پورتاج‌الدینی، امین (1394). بررسی و مقایسۀ وزن در لهجۀ کرمانی و تهرانی (پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد). تهران: دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.
ثمره، یدالله (1388). آواشناسی زبان فارسی: آواها و ساخت آوایی هجاها. تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
حق‌شناس، علی‌محمد (1356). آواشناسی (فونتیک). تهران: نشر آگه.
شکاری، مریم (1398). بررسی تأثیر بافت همخوانی و ساخت هجایی بر دیرش واکه‌ها در زبان فارسی (پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد). تهران: دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.
صادقی، وحید (1397). ساخت نوایی زبان فارسی: تکیۀ واژگانی و آهنگ. تهران: سمت.
علی‌نژاد، بتول (1391). «فضای واکه‌ای در زبان فارسی». پژوهشنامه زبان‌شناختی زبان فارسی. س1، ش2، 53-45.
قرائتی، سپیده (1389). بررسی صوت‌شناختی تکیة واژگانی در زبان فارسی (پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد). اصفهان: دانشگاه اصفهان.
مدرسی قوامی، گلناز (1391). ویژگی‌های صوت‌شناختی واکه‌های زبان فارسی معیار. طرح پژوهشی درون‌دانشگاهی. دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.
مدرسی قوامی، گلناز (1392). «تأثیر تکیۀ واژگانی بر ویژگی‌های کیفی واکه‌های سادۀ زبان فارسی». علم زبان. س1،ش1، 41-56.
مدرسی قوامی، گلناز (1401). «نقش ساخت هجا در فرایند ارتقاء واکه در زبان‌ها و گویش‌های ایرانی». زبان و زبان‌شناسی. س16، ش2، 31-48.
معصومی، انیس (1393). کاهش واکه‌ای در لهجۀ کرمانی (پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد). تهران: دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.
معصومی، انیس (1400). تحلیل دو گونه از زبان فارسی از منظر رده‌شناسی نوایی (رسالۀ دکتری). تهران: دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.
معصومی، انیس و گلناز مدرسی‌ قوامی (زیرچاپ). «ردۀ ریتمی زبان فارسی: رویکردی واج‌شناختی». علم زبان. doi:10.22054/LS.2021.59349.1436
نعمت‌زاده، شهین (1369). «شرایط تبدیل مصوت [a] به [e] کرمان». کرمان‌شناسی: مجموعه مقالات. به‌کوشش محمدعلی گلاب‌زاده. تهران: چاپ مروی.
 
Abercrombie, D. (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Corporation.
Auer, P. (1991). ‘“Stress-Timing” vs. “Syllable-Timing” from a typological point of view”. Proceedings of LP’90. B. Palek & P. Janota (eds.), Charles University Press, 292-305.
Auer, P. (1993). Is a Rhythm-based Typology Possible? A study of the Role of Prosody in Phonological Typology. Technical Report 21, KontRI Working Paper.
Baltazani, M. (2007). “Prosodic rhythm and the status of vowel reduction in Greek”. Selected Papers on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics. 17/1, 31-43.
Bates, S. A. R. (1995). Towards a Definition of Schwa: An Acoustic Investigation of Vowel Reduction in English (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Edinburgh.
Bertinetto, P. M. (1981). Strutture Prosodiche Dell'italiano: Accento, Quantità, Sillaba, Giuntura, Fondamenti Metrici. 6. Accademia della Crusca.
Bertinetto, P. M. (1989). “Reflections on the dichotomy ‘stress’ vs. ‘syllable-timing’”. Revue de Phonétique Appliquée. 91/93, 99-130.
Boersma, P. & D. Weenik (2021). “Praat”. Praat: doing phonetics by computer. 6.1.66. https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/download_win.html
Burzio, L. (2007). “Phonology and phonetics of English stress and vowel reduction”. Language Science. 29/2-3, 154ـ176
Bybee, J. L., P. Chakraborti, D. Jung, D. & J. Scheibman (1998). “Prosody and segmental effect some paths of evolution for word stress". Studies in Language. 22/2, 267-314.
Cohn, A. (2003). “Phonological structure and phonetic duration: The role of the mora”. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory. 15, 69-100.
Crosswhite, K. (1999). Vowel Reduction in Optimality Theory (Doctoral dissertation). Los Angeles: University of California.
Crosswhite, K. (2004). “Vowel reduction”. Phonetically-based Phonology. B. Hayes, R. Kirchner & D. Steriade (eds.), Cambridge University Press. 191-231.
Cutler, A., & T. Otake (1994). “Mora or phoneme? Further evidence for language-specific listening”. Journal of Memory and Language. 33/6, 824-844.
Dahak, A. (2009). “Vowels in inter-tonic syllables, a corpus-based study”. New Trends and Methodologies in Applied English Language Research: Diachronic, Diatopic and Contrastive Studies. C. Prado-Alonso, et al. (eds.), Bern/ Berlin/ Bruxelles/ Frankfurt am Main/ New York/ Oxford/ Wien: Peter Lang Publication, 131-151.
Dasher, R. & D. Bolinger, D. (1982). “On pre-accentual lengthening”. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 12/2, 58-71.
Dauer, R. M. (1983). “Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalyzed”. Journal of Phonetics. 11/1, 51-62.
Dauer, R. M. (1987). “Phonetic and phonological components of language rhythm”. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. 5, 447-450.
de Lacy, P. (1998). The Effect of Consonant Clusters on Vowel Duration in English. Manuscript. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
Delattre, P. (1966). “A comparison of syllable length conditioning among languages”. International Review of Applied Linguistics. 4, 183-198.
Eriksson, A. (1991). Aspects of Swedish Speech Rhythm (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Göteborg.
Flege, J. E. & O. S. Bohn (1989). “An instrumental study of vowel reduction and stress placement in Spanish-accented English”. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 1/11, 35-62.
Flemming, B. (2004). “Contrast and perceptual distinctiveness”. Phonetically-Based Phonology. B. Hayes, R. Kirchner & D. Steriade (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 232-276
Grabe, E. & E. L. Low (2002). “Durational variability in speech and the rhythm class hypothesis”. Papers in Laboratory Phonology. 7, C. Gussenhoven & N. Warner (eds.), 515-546.
Jun, S. A. (2006). “Intonational variation in four dialects of English: the high rising tune”. Prosodic Typology: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing. S. Jun (ed.), Oxford University Press on Demand, 430-458
Kahn, D. (1976). Syllable-based Generalizations in English (Doctoral dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Kelly, M. H. (2004). “Word onset patterns and lexical stress in English”. Journal of Memory and Language. 50/3, 231-244.
Khanjian, H. (2008). Stress Dependent Vowel Reduction in Armenian. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Lehiste, I. (1970). Suprasegmentals. Cambridge, Mass, and London: MIT Press.
Levi, S. V. (2005). “Acoustic correlates of lexical accent in Turkish”. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35/1, 73ـ97.
Lieberman, P. (1960). “Some acoustic correlates of word stress in American English”. Acoustic Phonetics. D. B. Fry (ed.), New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 394-400.
Lindblom, B. (1963). “Spectrographic study of vowel reduction”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 35/11, 1773ـ1778.
Maddieson, I. (2013). “Syllable structure”. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. M. S. Dryer & M. Haspelmath (eds.), Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wals.info, Accessed on 2021-01-09.).
Mairano, P. (2011). Rhythm Typology: Acoustic and Perceptive Studies (Doctoral dissertation). University of Turin.
McClean, M. D. & W. R. Tiffany (1973). “The acoustic parameters of stress in relation to syllable position, speech loudness and rate”. Language and Speech. 16/3, 283-290.
Nespor, M., M. Shukla, & J. Mehler (2011). “Stress‐timed vs. syllable‐timed languages”. The Blackwell Companion to Phonology. 2. M. van Oostendorp, et al. (Eds.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 1147–1159.
Nishihara, T. & J. van de Weijer (2011). “On syllable-timed rhythm and stress-timed rhythm in world Englishes: Revisited”. 宮城教育大学紀要. 46, 155-163.
Nooteboom, S. (1998). “The prosody of speech: Melody and rhythm”. Handbook of Phonetic Sciences. W. J. Hardcastle & J. Laver (eds.), Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 641-673.
Orzechowska, P., J. Mołczanow, & M. Jankowski (2019). “Prosodically-conditioned syllable structure in English”. Research in Language. 17/2, 167-178.
Otake, T., G. Hatano, A. Cutler, & J. Mehler (1993). “Mora or syllable? Speech segmentation in Japanese”. Journal of Memory and Language. 32, 258-278.
Peperkamp, S. & E. Dupoux (2002). “A typological study of stress “deafness””. Laboratory Phonology. 7, 203-240.
Peperkamp, S., E. Dupoux, & N. S. Sebastián-Gallés (1999). “Perception of stress by French, Spanish and bilingual subjects”. Proceedings of EUROSPEECH. 6, 2683–2686.
Peterson, G. E. & I. Lehiste (1960). “Duration of syllable nuclei in English”. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 32/6, 693-703.
Pike, K. L. (1945). The Intonation of American English. Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press.
Puppel, S. (1986). “Rhythm in stress-timed and syllable-timed languages: Some general considerations”. Linguistics Across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. D. Kastovsky & A. Szwedek (eds.), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 105-110
Ramus, F., M. Nespor, & J. Mehler (1999). “Correlates of linguistic rhythm in the speech signal”. Cognition. 73/3, 265-292.
Roach, P. (1982). “On the distinction between ‘stress-timed’ and ‘syllable-timed’ languages”. Linguistic Controversies. D. Crystal (ed.), London: Edward Arnold, 73-79.
RStudio Team (2021). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R (version 1.4.1103). Boston, MA: RStudio, PBC. http://www.rstudio.com.
Sereno, J. A. & A. Jongman (1995). “Acoustic correlates of grammatical class”. Language and Speech. 38/1, 57-76.
Solé Sabater, M. J. (1991). “Stress and rhythm in English”. Revista alicantina de estudios ingleses. 4, 145-162.
Uldall, E. (1971). “Isochronous stresses in R.P”. Form and Substance. L. Hammerich (ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 205-210
Ulfsbjorninn, S. (2016). “Language internal factors explain syllable structure complexity (feat. Ecological Adaptation): Stress, tone and consonant clusters”. Languages Naturelles et Systèmes Complexes. 1-6.
Van Bergem, D. R. (1993). “Acoustic vowel reduction as a function of sentence accent, word stress, and word class”. Speech Communication. 12, 1ـ23.
Wagner, P. (2008). The Rhythm of Language and Speech: Constraining Factors, Models, Metrics and Applications (Doctoral Dissertation). Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat.
Wenk, B. J. & F. Wioland (1982). “Is French really syllable-timed?”. Journal of Phonetics. 10/2, 193-216.