Looking through the Lenses of (Im)Politeness at Power and Gender in Persian-Speaking Youngsters’ Novels

Document Type : .

Author

Abstract

 
The present article intends to analyze those conversations in ten Persian-speaking youngsters’ novels that are important in the development of the plots of the stories and to explore the ways power and gender influence the characters’ choices of (im)politeness strategies. Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory and Culpeper’s impoliteness theory are chosen as the theoretical frameworks. To be included in the samples, the novels should be originally written in Persian; the majority of their actions should be in dialogue form; they should have won prize(s) in the field of youth’s literature. According to chi square test the results indicate that power and politeness have a reverse relationship, i.e. the more powerful a character is, the less polite she/he becomes. In addition, female characters make more use of politeness strategies whereas male characters use more of impoliteness strategies.

Keywords

Full Text

فایل پی دی اف را دریافت مایید

References

اکبرپور، احمد (1382). من نوکر بابا نیستم. تهران: افق.
امیریان داوود (1390). گردان قاطرچی‌ها. تهران: کانون پرورش فکری کودکان و نوجوانان.
بابامرندی، مژگان (1391). من یک مرد عنکبوتی شبیه رستم خواهم شد. تهران: کانون پرورش فکری کودکان و نوجوانان.
بایرامی محمدرضا (1383). پل معلق. تهران: افق.
بایرامی محمدرضا (1387). گرگ‌ها از برف نمی‌ترسند. تهران، قدیانی.
ثابت، فرزانه (1388). راهکارهای ادب در درخواست. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی همگانی. دانشگاه تربیت معلم سبزوار.
حاجی محمدی، ساناز (1389). بررسی زبان غیرمؤدبانه بین زنان و مردان فارسی‌زبان تهرانی. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی همگانی. دانشگاه علامۀ طباطبایی.
خانیان، جمشید (1387). طبقۀ هفتم غربی. تهران: افق.
خانیان، جمشید (1389). شب گربه‌های چشم­سفید. تهران: کانون پرورش فکری کودکان و نوجوانان.
شاه آبادی، حمیدرضا (1386). لالایی برای دختر مرده. تهران: افق.
شکاری، الهه (1390). مطالعۀ زبان و قدرت در گفتمانِ محل کار فارسی‌زبانان با توجه به صورت‌های خطاب و استراتژی‌های ادب. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد هنرهای نمایشی. دانشگاه تبریز.
رفیعی سخایی، سودابه (1390). تحلیل گفتمان ادب در شخصیت‌پردازی و پیشبرد کنشِ نمایش‌نامه: مطالعۀ موردیِ گزیده‌ای از نمایش‌نامه‌های ایرانی. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی همگانی. دانشگاه هنر.
گلشیری، سیامک (1389). اولین روز تابستان. تهران: کانون پرورش فکری کودکان و نوجوانان.
لطفی، خدیجه (1390). عدم رعایت ادب و قدرت: رویکرد منظورشناختیِ بین‌زبانی به استفاده از الگوهای غیرمؤدبانه با توجه به قدرت. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی همگانی. دانشگاه علامۀ طباطبایی.
نعمتی، آزاده (1382). "تحلیلی بر تفاوت‌های زبانیِ زنان و مردان: تحقیقی در جامعه‌شناسی زبان". مجلۀ دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی دانشگاه سمنان، ش5، 92ـ73.
هدایت، ندا (1384). "تأثیر جنسیت بر نحوۀ تقاضا (پژوهشی در حوزۀ جامعه‌شناسی زبان)". دوفصلنامۀ پژوهش زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دورۀ جدید، ش4، بهار و تابستان 1384، 40 ـ17.
یگانه، علی (1375). رابطۀ جنس و سن با ادب: مطالعۀ بین‌فرهنگی. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد آموزش زبان انگلیسی. دانشگاه اصفهان.
یوسفی، محمدرضا (1382). گواتی. تهران: شعلۀ اندیشه.
 
Andersson, L. M. and M. P. Christine (1999). "Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace". Academy of Management Review, 24 (3), 452-471.
Aydinoglu, N. (2013). "Politeness and Impoliteness Strategies: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Geralyn L. Horton’s Plays". Procedia, 83, 473-482.
Bacha, N. N. and R. Bahous and R. L. Diab (2012). "Gender and Politeness in a Foreign Language Academic Context". International Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 2, No. 1, 79-96.
Baxter, L. A. (1984). "An Investigation of Compliance-Gaining as Politeness". Human Communication Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, 427– 456.
Beebe, L. M. (1995). “The Social Rules of Speaking: Basics-Not Frosting on the Cake”. The Language Teacher, 19 (3), 4-11.
Behnam, B. and M. Niroomand (2011). “An Investigation of Iranian EFL learners’ Use of Politeness Strategies and Power Relations in Disagreement across Different Proficiency Levels”. English Language Teaching, Vol. 4, No. 4, 204-220.
Berger, Charles. (1994). "Power, dominance, and social interaction". In Mark L. Knapp and Gerald R. Miller (eds.): Handbook of Interpersonal Communication. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 450-507.
BlumـKulka, S. (1990). “You Don’t Touch Lettuce with Your Finger: Parental Politeness in Family Discourse”. Journal of Pragmatics, 14,259-288.
Bousfield, D. (2008). Impoliteness in Interaction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
Brown, P. and S. C. Levinson (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. London: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, R. and A. Gilman (1989). “Politeness Theory and Shakespeare’s Four Major Tragedies”. Language in Society, 18 (2), 159-213.
Brown, R. and A. Gilman (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Giglioli, Pier Paolo (ed.): Languageand Social Context. Penguin: Harmondsworth, 252-282.
Craig, R. and K. Tracy and F. Spisak (1986). “The Discourse of Requests: Assessment of a PolitenessApproach”. Human Communication Research, 12, 437ـ468.
Culpeper, J. (1996). “Towards an Anatomy of Impoliteness”. Journal of Pragmatics, 25, 349–367.
Culpeper, J.  (1998). “(Im)politeness in Drama”. In J. Culpeper and M. Short and P. Verdonk (eds.): Exploring the Language of Drama: From text to context, 83-95. London: Routledge.
Culpeper, J. and Derek Bousfield and Anne Wichman (2003). "Impoliteness revisited: With special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects". Journal of Pragmatics, 35 (10-11), 1545-1579.
De Klerk, V. (1992). “How Taboo Are Taboo Words for Girls?” Language in Society, Vol. 21, No. 2, 277-289.
Eelen, G. (2001). A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Ermida, I. (2006). “Linguistic mechanisms of power in Nineteen EightyـFour: Applying politeness theory to Orwell’s World”. Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 842-862.
Foyster, E. (2002). “Creating a Veil of Silence? Politeness and Marital Violence in the English Household”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, Vol. 12, 395-415.
Goffman, Erving (1967). "On Face-work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements of Social Interaction". Psychiatr: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes 18 (3): 213–231.
Goodwin, C. and M. H. Goodwin (1990). “Interstitial Argument”. In D. Grimshaw, Allen (ed.): Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations, 85-117. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grice, H. (1975). "Logic and conversation" in Cole, P. and J. Morgan (eds.): Syntax and Semantics 3. Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, 41- 58.
Holmes, J. (1995). Women, Men and Politeness. London: Longman.
Holtgraves, T. (1986). “Language Structure in Social Interaction: Perceptions of Direct and IndirectSpeech Acts and Interactants Who Use Them”. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 51 (2), 305-314.
Holtgraves, T. and Y. Joong-Nam (1990). “Politeness as Universal: Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Request Strategies and Inferences Based on Their Use”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59 (4), 719-729.
Hutchby, I. (1996). “Confrontation Talk: Aspects of Interruption in Argument Sequences onTalk Radio”. Text: Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 12 (3), 343-371.
Kamisli, S. and S. Dogancay (1996). “Effects of Social Power on Language Use Acros Speech Communities”. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 6, No. 2, 199-222.
Kantara, A. (2010). “Impoliteness Strategies in House M. D.”. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 6. 2, 305-339.
Kienpointner, M. (1997). “Varieties of Rudeness: Types and Functions of Impolite Utterances”. Functionsof Language, 4 (2), 251-287.
Labov, W. and D. Fanshel (1977). Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. New York: Academic Press.
Lachenicht, L. G. (1980). “Aggravating Language: A Study of Abusive and Insulting Language”. InternationalJournal of Human Communication, 13 (4), 607-688.
Ladegaard, H. J. (2004). “Politeness in Young Children’s Speech: Context, Peer Group Influence and Pragmatic Competence”. Journal of Pragmatics, 36, 2003-2022.
Lakoff, R. T. (1989). “The Way We Were; or, the Real Actual Truth about Generative Semantics: A memoir”. Journal of Pragmatics, 13, 939-988.
Leech, Geoffrey N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. NewYork: Longman.
Leichty, G. and J. L. Applegate (1991). “SocialـCognitive and Situational Influences on the Use of Face-Saving PersuasiveStrategies”. Human Communication Research, 17 (3), 451-484.
Lim, T. and J. W. Bowers (1991). “Facework, Solidarity, Approbation and Tact”. Human Communication Research, 17 (3), 415-450.
Locher, M. A. (2004). Power and Politeness in Action: Disagreements in Oral Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Mey, J. L. (2009). Pragmatics. Oxford: Elsevier.
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Morand, D. A. (1996). ”Dominance, Deference, and Egalitarianism in Organizational Interaction: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Power and Politeness”. Organization Science, Vol. 7, No. 5, 544-556.
Morand, D. A. (2000). "Language and Power: an Empirical Analysis of LinguisticStrategies Used in Superiorـ Subordinate Communication". Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 235-248.
Murni, S. M. and M. Solin (2012). “Linguistic Impoliteness: A Small Corpus Analysis on the Use of Impolite Language by Children”. Aceh International Journal of Social Sciences, 1 (1), 11-15.
Niroomand, M. (2012). “An Exploration of Upper-intermediate Iranian EFL learners’ Perception of Politeness Strategies and Power Relations in Disagreement”. English Language Teaching, Vol. 5, No. 10,180-191.
Penman, R. (1990). “Facework and Politeness: Multiple Goals in Courtroom Discourse”. Journal of Languageand Social Psychology, 9, 15-38.
Sadeghi, S. (2012). "Application of Critical Classroom Discourse Analysis in Analyzing Classroom Interaction". English Language Teaching, 5, No. 1, 166-173.
Sifianou, M. (1992). Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece: A Cross-Cultural Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith-Hefner, N. J. (1988). “Women and Politeness: The Javanese Example”. Language in Society, Vol. 17, No. 4, 535-554.
Smith, J. S. (1992). “Women in Charge: Politeness and Directives in the Speech of Japanese Women”. Language in Society, Vol. 21, No. 1, 59-82.
Tannen, D. (1990). “Silence as Conflict Management in Fiction and Drama: Pinter’s Betrayaland a Short Story Great Wits”. In A. D. Grimshaw (ed.): Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations ofArgumentsand Conversations, 260-279. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
Thomas J. (1995). Meaning in Interaction. An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Tracy, K. And S. J. Tracy (1998). “Rudeness at 911: Reconceptualizing Face and Face Attack”. Human CommunicationResearch, 25 (2), 225-251.
Watts, Richard J. and Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich. (1992). "Introduction". In Richard J. Watts and Sachiko Ide and Konrad Ehlich (eds.): Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1-17.
Watts, R. J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics