انجمن زبان شناسی ایران زبان و زبان‌شناسی 23223847 21 42 2026 08 23 A Lexicographical Investigation of Al-sorâh men al-sehâh پژوهشی در الصّراح من الصّحاح 323 356 14063 10.30465/lsi.2026.51929.1810 FA سیدمحمد صاحبی استادیار، گروه فرهنگ‌نویسی، فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-4734-9448 Journal Article 2025 05 11 Abstract The Arabic–Persian dictionary Al-sorāh men al-sehāh, compiled by Jamāl al-Din Abu al-Fazl Mohammad Qarshi, is a concise Persian translation of Tāj al-loghat va Sehāh al-Arabiyyat by Abu Nasr Ismail ben Hammād Jowhari (d. 393 AH). Qarshi completed Al-sorāh men al-sehāh in Kāshghar in 700 AH. In 1397 SH/2018 CE, Mohammad-Hosayn Heydariān produced a critical edition of Al-sorāh men al-sehāh; this edited text forms the basis of the present study. Focusing on the Persian equivalents, this article systematically catalogs the dictionary’s rare, prominent, and valuable lexical items. First, the Persian equivalent is recorded as the headword, followed by its Arabic original, or by the Arabic original together with a definition containing the equivalent. When the Arabic source is obscure or archaic, modern equivalents or succinct definitions, drawn from comparative consultation of classical lexica, are supplied. Numerous Persian renderings found in Al-sorāh men al-sehāh also appear in earlier and later Arabic–Persian dictionaries, attesting to reciprocal intertextual influences between Qarshi’s work and its lexicographical predecessors and successors. To elucidate these diachronic and intertextual networks, each entry is cross-referenced with relevant early Arabic–Persian dictionaries. Finally, a quantitative analysis delineates the intertextual relationships between Al-sorāh men al-sehāh and other early Arabic–Persian dictionaries, shedding light on its place within the broader tradition of bilingual lexicography.1. IntroductionAl-sorāh men al-sehāh is an Arabic–Persian dictionary and one of the works of Jamāl al-Din Abu al-Fazl Mohammad ben Omar ben Khāled, known as Jamāl Qarshi (see: Qarshi, 1397: 1/«ح‌ح‌ح»; Zāker al-Hosayni, 1382: 12–13, 18). This book is essentially a concise translation of Tāj al-loghat va Sehāh al-Arabiyyat by Abu Nasr Ismail ben Hammād Jowhari (d. 393 AH). Qarshi spent a considerable period abridging Sehāh and translating its lexical items into Persian, and completed Al-sorāh men al-sehāh in 700 AH (see: Qarshi, 1397/2018, pp. 2/2170; Monzavi, 1337/1958, pp. 145, 147).2. Literature ReviewHeydariān (1397/2018) in his introduction to Al-sorāh men al-sehāh, mentions a number of the text’s Persian “unknown or low-frequency words” and “examples of simple and compound verbal nouns.” He does not, however, provide a comprehensive and rigorous definition of these lexical units, nor does he offer a comparative, intertextual, or statistical examination of them. Instead, he merely presents a brief alphabetical list of low-frequency equivalents together with their Arabic originals.Sāhebi (1402/2023), in an article, discusses the method of editing Al-sorāh men al-sehāh from a critical perspective. He examines Heydariān’s errors and misreading’s by consulting the manuscripts used by him and offers his own proposed correct readings. He notes discrepancies and inconsistencies between the readings of the printed text and those of the manuscripts, and points to some of the defects and shortcomings of the edited text in comparison with the manuscript witnesses. 3. MethodologyIn this study, the low-frequency words recorded in Al-sorāh men al-sehāh as equivalents of Arabic headwords are presented and examined in alphabetical order. In each case, the Persian equivalent is first given as the headword, followed by its Arabic original, or by the Arabic original together with a definition containing the equivalent. Unfamiliar Persian words have been vocalized on the basis of the printed text of Al-sorāh men al-sehāh, its manuscripts, and Persian dictionaries. Whenever the Arabic original is not sufficiently clear, explicit, or familiar, a modern definition or synonym has been provided for each lexical unit through consultation of other dictionaries and sources.Some of the low-frequency Persian equivalents found in Al-sorāh men al-sehāh are also attested in Arabic–Persian dictionaries composed both before and after it. To demonstrate these intertextual relationships, references to other early Arabic–Persian dictionaries are cited in the documentation of each entry.4. ResultsTable 1 presents those Arabic–Persian dictionaries that predate Al-sorāh men al-sehāh and share with it at least three low-frequency equivalents in the sense intended by Qarshi. The table lists both the number of similar cases and the degree of overlap expressed as a percentage (for the dates of composition or transcription of these works, see: Karamaini, 1385/2006, front cover; Monzavi, 1337/1958, pp. 11, 19–27, 42–43, 65–69, 136–138; Mohaqqeq, 1382/2003, p. 13).Those early Arabic–Persian dictionaries compiled after Al-sorāh men al-sehāh that likewise share at least three low-frequency equivalents with it in the sense intended by Qarshi are presented in Table 2 (for the dates of composition of these works, see: Monzavi, 1337/1958, pp. 152, 169–171, 246; Mohtadi, 1393/2014, pp. 45–47).Table 1Classical Arabic–Persian Dictionaries Predating Al-sorāh men al-sehāh and Their Degree of Lexical OverlapTitleNumber of similar casesDegree of similarityTāj al-asāmi2527.17%Takmelat al-asnāf of Karamaini3436.95%Dastur al-loghat and al-merqāt of Adib Natanzi55.43%Qānun al-adab of Taflisi44.34%Ketāb al-masāder of Zuzani44.34%Lesān al-tanzil33.26%Moqaddamat al-adab of Zamakhshari1718.47%Table 2Classical Arabic–Persian Dictionaries Postdating Al-sorāh men al-sehāh and Their Degree of Lexical OverlapTitleNumber of similar casesDegree of similarityKholāsat al-loghāt of Jonābezi64.65%Dastur al-ekhvān of Dahhār1310.07%Montahā al-arab of Safipuri11085.27%5. ConclusionSome of the low-frequency Persian equivalents found in Al-sorāh men al-sehāh are also attested in Arabic–Persian dictionaries compiled both before and after it. This suggests that the author of Al-sorāh men al-sehāh was probably influenced by earlier dictionaries and that Al-sorāh men al-sehāh itself, in turn, influenced later lexicographical works. If rare words are taken as the statistical sample, it may be concluded that Al-sorāh men al-sehāh’s indebtedness to Takmelat al-asnāf and Tāj al-asāmi, as well as its influence on Montahā al-arab, is significant and worthy of closer examination in future research. Moreover, it should be noted that Al-sorāh men al-sehāh exhibits the highest degree of intertextual relations with Montahā al-arab.Bibliography Adib Natanzi, Badiʿ al-Zamān Abu ʿAbdollāh Hosayn. (1384/2005). Dastur al-loghat (ʿAli Ardalān Javān, Ed.). Beh-Nashr. [In Persian]Adib Natanzi, Badiʿ al-Zamān Abu ʿAbdollāh Hosayn. (1346/1967). 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[In Persian] فرهنگ عربی‌‌‌ـ‌‌‌فارسی الصّراح من الصّحاح یکی از کتاب‌های جمال‌الدین ابوالفضل محمد قَرشی و ترجمه‌ای ملخّص از تاج‌اللغة و صحاح‌العربیة اثر ابونصر اسماعیل‌‌بن حماد جوهری است. قرشی این فرهنگ را در سال 700ق در کاشغر ماوراء‌النهر به‌اتمام رساند. محمدحسین حیدریان در ۱۳۹۷ش، الصّراح من الصّحاح را تصحیح و در دو مجلد منتشر کرد؛ این متن مصحَح مبنای پژوهش پیش رو است. در این مقاله با تمرکز بر بخش‌ها و برابرنهادهای فارسی، واحدهای واژگانی کم‌کاربرد، نادر، برجسته و ارزندۀ این فرهنگ، به ترتیب الفبایی، ثبت و بررسی شده‌است؛ نخست معادل فارسی در قالب سرواژه، و سپس اصل عربی آن، یا اصل عربی همراه با تعریفِ حاویِ برابرنهاد، ثبت گردیده‌است و در صورت واضح و آشنا نبودنِ اصل عربی، با مراجعه به دیگر فرهنگ‌ها و منابع، تعریف یا مترادفی امروزی برای هر واحد واژگانی ارائه شده‌است. برخی از معادل‌های فارسی کم‌کاربرد و نادر صراح در فرهنگ‌های عربی‌ـ‌فارسی پیش و پس از آن ضبط شده‌اند؛ این نکته نشان می‌دهد که احتمالاً مؤلّف صراح از فرهنگ‌های پیش از خود تأثیر پذیرفته و صراح نیز بر فرهنگ‌های پس از خود تأثیر گذاشته‌است. برای نشان دادن این روابط بینامتنی، در ارجاعات هر مدخل به دیگر فرهنگ‌های کهن عربی‌ـ‌فارسی استناد شده‌است. در پایان مقاله، به‌‌روش آماری، روابط بینامتنی صراح با سایر فرهنگ‌های عربی‌ـ‌فارسی قدیمی تحلیل گردیده‌است. https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_14063_1a62026e6b035b51682672932876a119.pdf