text article 2013 per Linguistics Society of Iran 23223847 9 v. 18 no. 2013 https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1584_e4b651339d9e4aff3651157a58a4e7ed.pdf Fariba Ghatreh دانشگاه الزهرا author Hajar AghaEbrahimi دانشجوی دکترای زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه الزهرا author text article 2013 per This article is devoted to the study of word formation processes in Nima, Shamlu, and Baraheni’s poems, as the pioneers of new, modern, and post-modern poetry. All the complex words in their selected poems were counted, including their coined and novel words. The results showed that the most frequently used process in Nima’s poems was compounding (%57.97derivation), while in Shamlu’s poems it was derivation (with %46.92), and in Baraheni’s poems both derivation and compounding were used equally (%38.27). %23.71 of complex words in Nima’s poems, %36.61 in Shamlu’s poems, and %22.50 in Baraheni’s poems are their own special coined and novel words. Therefore, there is more word formation in Shamlu’s modern poetry than Nima’s new poetry and Baraheni’s post-modern one. Moreover, there is more lexical varieties in Shamlu’s poems, and %20 of his own coined and novel words are nouns, %53.07 are adjectives, and %26.92 are adverbs, while %76.81 of Nima’s special words, and %64.19 of Baraheni’s special words are adjectives. Based on the stylistic differences among new, modern, and post-modern poetry, we can say this lexical difference is due to the different attitudes of these three poets; while Nima and Baraheni concentrate more on agents, Shamlu’s focus is both on agents and on action and its properties. Linguistics Society of Iran 23223847 9 v. 18 no. 2013 1 15 https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1583_ca839abe9cf1b5824f7155373baffc11.pdf Ebrahim Badakhshan دانشگاه کردستان author Kourosh Ghadami کارشناس ارشد زبان‌شناسی دانشگاه کردستان author text article 2013 per Theory of valence considers words including verbs to have valence according to their dependency type. In any language certain processes will cause a change in verb valency by the number of syntactic complements in a phrase or by the shift of their semantic functions of the arguments of a predicate. In this article we try to analyze causative structures in Sorani Kurdish within the framework of theory of valence. The data analyzed in this article are extracted from written and spoken materials by native speakers. We concluded that causative constructions are among the valency increasing processes which cause the type and number change of verb dependency  in Sorani Kurdish sentences.   Linguistics Society of Iran 23223847 9 v. 18 no. 2013 15 38 https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1585_959837ba1e8ec5f837091506cea1fcc6.pdf Homa Asadi دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی دانشگاه الزهرا (س) author Farhad Sasani دانشگاه الزهرا (س) author text article 2013 per Critical discourse analysis deals mostly with power and ideology. This approach attempts to detect unequal power relations and unravel the ideologies hidden behind  texts. Accordingly, this article takes a critical discourse analysis approach to investigate how social actors are represented in the foreign policy discourse of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The analytical model used is Van Leeuwen′s socio-semantic framework (2008). The main objective of this  paper is to explore how these representations are used to foreground favorite concepts and background least favorite ones. The findings of this study indicated a differential representation of social actors by Shah according to his aims and goals in that "self" identities are depicted as positive and active actors, while "other" identities are depicted negatively. Moreover, the results showed that from among the features suggested by this framework, "association" and "relational identification" are mostly used for referring to "self" identities, while "appraisement" is mostly used for referring to "other" identities. Linguistics Society of Iran 23223847 9 v. 18 no. 2013 39 64 https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1586_cc9269220fb6af659e891d3fe14e87f0.pdf Moharam Eslami دانشگاه زنجان author Afshin Rahimi دانشجوی دکتری رشتة علوم کامپیوتر، دانشگاه ملبورن author Soodabeh Eslami دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی، دانشگاه الزهرا author text article 2013 per This study is an attempt to demonstrate some aspects of Persian phonology through statistical analysis of the phonological features in 54391 Persian lexemes. The phonostatistical aspects in (mental) lexicon of Persian speakers investigated in this study include stress pattern of lexemes in Persian, syllable and the number of syllables in Persian lexemes, phonotactics of Persian lexemes, frequency of phonological natural classes in general, frequency of phonological natural classes in syllable, phonotactics of consonant clusters, optimal syllable in the language, frequency of Persian phonemes and the like. The results of this phonostatistical research validate the phonological principles and concepts such as phonological natural classes, phonological processes,  hierarchical structure of syllables and the like. They also demonstrate the frequency of segments and segmental strings which defines the spectrum of unmarkedness in Persian phonological system Linguistics Society of Iran 23223847 9 v. 18 no. 2013 65 90 https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1587_1195a257056b91ce0863f481a719170f.pdf Fatemeh Alavi دانشگاه پیام نور author text article 2013 per This research aimed at studying “foot”, “secondary stress” and “alternating stress” in prosodic phonology. These three notions are mainly ignored in phonetic and phonological studies of Persian. Characterizing the features and limits of foot in every language is carried out according to the stress pattern of that language and therefore it is relevant to the suprasegmental units and specifically to prosodic phonology. In fact, the prerequisite of characterizing foot in every language including Persian is to determine secondary and alternating stress. In this research we have analyzed stress system and feet in Persian and their boundedness or unboundedness separately. Considering that there is no alternating stress in Persian, we have unbounded stress system regardless of having or not having secondary stress. The results of this research deny the existence of a level named foot as a place for determining stress in the prosodic hierarchy of Persian. In addition to that, considering foot as a level adds complexity to the investigation of stress in Persian. The pattern of  stress in Persian can simply be described using the interplay between phonology and morphology and principles which are driven from this interplay. Linguistics Society of Iran 23223847 9 v. 18 no. 2013 91 112 https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1588_0b330459227b98ac42c393c1a00f5db7.pdf Najmeh Alimardani کارشناس ارشد زبان‌شناسی دانشگاه اصفهان author Batool Alinejad دانشگاه اصفهان author text article 2013 per Acoustic analysis of speech sounds in Phonetics has been served different purposes, of which pedagogy is. Second language learners are said to usually substitute unfamiliar vowels with more similar ones in their own language. Since correct pronunciation is very important in establishing effective communication, acoustic properties of unfamiliar and controversial American English / / pronounced by Persian EFL learners have been studied in this paper. To do this, acoustic parameters of the first three formants of [] and the similar often substitutable vowel [e]  were measured after being taped and were compared with the native American English pronunciations of these two vowels.      The acoustic measurements revealed significant differences between F1 and F2, but F3, of the [] tokens of the native English speaker and those of the Persian learners while all three formants of [e] tokens showed significant differences . Finally, in  cases where formant frequency values were significantly different between the two languages, some pedagogical suggestions were made on the basis of the acoustic considerations for articulatory improvement. Linguistics Society of Iran 23223847 9 v. 18 no. 2013 113 128 https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1589_1e92ab74f5f0025da85186a0a813de33.pdf Solmaz Mahmoodi دکترای زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی author text article 2013 per Persian relative clauses are the complex DP containing head and CP. These two make a syntactic constituent and have DP distribution. Following the SOV word order, the base generated position of them is an argument position before verb which can be changed by movement operations. DP embedded CP is introduced by the invariable complementizer (ke) and the embedded verbs are inflected for tense, aspect and mood just as a main verb. Nonrestrictive relative clause is a subordinate clause which does not restrict the meaning of the head it modifies but stands in apposition to it. Nonrestrictive relative clauses are syntactically the same as restrictive relative clauses, i.e. they go through various grammatical operations in the same way. However nonrestrictive relative clauses are similar to the parentheticals (particularly apposition) in the prosodic and semantic aspects. They have distinctive prosodic contour, that is, discontinuity and parentheticals’ semantic contribution to the matrix clause is an additional or supplementive one. one.In this article an attempt is made to show these differences by structural representation:  the apposition as a cooperated construction and nonrestrictive relative clause as  right –adjoined to the head noun. Linguistics Society of Iran 23223847 9 v. 18 no. 2013 129 158 https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1590_efac466fe10a5d643f36498750ea164f.pdf Morteza Taheri دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی author text article 2013 per Linguistics Society of Iran 23223847 9 v. 18 no. 2013 161 168 https://lsi-linguistics.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1591_baac83d52c55078ec2da1d7deb14b6f1.pdf